Gotland in the Viking Age

The Viking Age, a segment of the Late Iron Age, is a relatively brief chapter in Nordic history. Typically dated between 850-1050 AD (though some sources now suggest 750 to 1100 AD), it serves as an approximation for this era in schoolbooks. Here, we’ll explore Gotland’s role and activities during this period.

Gotland’s Unique Position

Gotland had a long maritime tradition even before the Viking Age began. Evidence of this can be found in the island's ancient trading connections, such as seashells from the Mediterranean discovered in Stone Age graves and large ship settings from the Bronze Age, like those at Gålrum. Iron production also began early, marking Gotland’s advanced culture before the Viking period.

Though it wasn’t a sudden transformation, the Viking Age marked a continuation of Gotland’s established seafaring and trading practices. The island thrived as a maritime power long before the era typically associated with Viking activity.

A Distinct Land

Historically, disputes between Denmark and Sweden over the control of Gotland were common, but well into the Middle Ages, Gotland functioned as an independent land. The island’s status is reflected in its early written history and accounts from figures such as Petrus de Dacia in 1280.

Although no Viking-era cities have been confirmed on Gotland, there’s ongoing speculation about what might lie hidden beneath the earth in areas like Bogeviken, Västergarn, and Paviken.

Gutasagan and Gotland’s Autonomy

Gutasagan recounts how the Gotlanders voluntarily aligned themselves with the "suia kunung" (often misunderstood as the king of Sweden) for the sake of trade. This suggests a peaceful and strategic decision, although some interpret it differently. It highlights Gotland’s diplomatic approach to relations with mainland powers.

The Origins of Runes on Gotland

While schoolbooks often associate runes with the Viking Age in mainland Sweden, Gotland’s use of runes predates that by several centuries. The oldest runic inscriptions and alphabets have been found on Gotland, suggesting that runes might have originated here. These early inscriptions show connections between Gotland and the Roman Empire, as evidenced by the large quantities of Roman silver coins found on the island.

Runes were used on Gotland from the 2nd century AD through the Middle Ages, lasting over a thousand years. The Kylver stone, found in Stånga, bears the oldest known runic alphabet and is an important piece of Gotland's cultural history. As scholar Sven B.F. Jansson noted, this alphabet represents the earliest expression of the Germanic world’s cultural independence.

Gotland’s Unique Art: The Picture Stones

Picture stones, though often associated with the Viking Age, actually date back much earlier. These monumental stones, featuring intricate carvings, reflect Gotland’s artistic ties to the Mediterranean world. Some scholars suggest that Roman art influenced these carvings.

Though some interpret scenes from these stones as depictions of Norse mythology, caution is needed when comparing them with Icelandic sagas written centuries later. The exact meanings of these scenes remain open to interpretation, but they are undoubtedly an important part of Gotland’s cultural legacy.

Viking-Age Treasures on Gotland

Many Gotlanders have expressed frustration at seeing their island’s Viking-era treasures in Stockholm’s museums. Nearly half of all Viking-era finds in Sweden come from Gotland. In particular, Gotland is home to about 80% of the Viking Age’s silver hoards discovered in Sweden. The famous Spillings hoard, the largest Viking silver hoard ever found, was discovered on eastern Gotland, near Bogeviken.

While some argue that these treasures belong in the national museum for public interest, many Gotlanders feel their island’s cultural wealth should remain closer to home.

Not Just Traders, But Warriors Too

There’s a common notion that Gotland’s Vikings were primarily peaceful traders, while the mainland Vikings, particularly those from Svealand, were fierce warriors. However, Gotland’s archaeological record tells a different story. Many artifacts, including weapons, suggest that Gotland’s Viking-era inhabitants were just as capable in battle as they were in trade.

Contrary to popular depictions, Viking warriors on Gotland did not wear horned helmets—a fact supported by the absence of such finds in Gotland’s extensive burial sites. Moreover, Gotland’s warriors appear frequently in carvings, confirming their prominent role in the island’s Viking culture.

Viking-Age Churches on Gotland

Though the exact timing of Christianity’s arrival on Gotland is debated, evidence suggests that by the end of the Viking Age, Christian churches were well established on the island. One example is the remains of a stave church, uncovered during the restoration of Hemse Church. While many of Gotland’s early churches have disappeared, traces of these buildings remain.

It’s also known that Gotland’s traders built a church in Holmgård (modern-day Novgorod) by the 11th century, showing the early spread of Christianity through Gotland’s trade networks.

A Remarkable Legacy

In summary, Gotland played a significant role in the Viking Age, both as a center of trade and culture. While some aspects of this history may challenge conventional narratives, the island’s unique contributions to Viking-era Scandinavia cannot be denied. Gotland’s rich history, from its runic inscriptions to its treasure hoards, is a testament to its importance during this fascinating period.